Since ages man has invented various instruments to assist him in navigation on earth. Magnetic compass is one of the oldest navigational instrument man has been using for many centuries for direction identification on earth’s surface.
Global Positioning System (GPS) based devices are the latest navigation assistance devices used these days. GPS devices provide accurate real time location and much more information to its user for easier and comfortable navigation even through his or her local streets. A commonly available GPS device is shown in the figure. When fitted in a car, it shows speed of the car, time, longitude coordinates and map of near-by area.
What is Global Positioning System (GPS)?
Global positioning system GPS is a method of identifying location or position of any point (or a person) on earth using a system of 24 satellites, which are continuously orbiting, observing, monitoring and mapping the earth surface. Every such satellite revolves around earth twice a day at a distance of about 20000 km from it. The given figure shows sketch view of 24 GPS satellites orbiting around the earth. The orbits of these satellites are so aligned that at least four of them always keep looking any given point on earth surface. This is minimum necessary requirement for correct and accurate location identification through this system. In the given figure, the given location at the instant is visible to 12 satellites.
Working principle of a GPS device
For using the GPS system of satellites, a person needs a GPS device fitted with a transmitter/receiver for sending/receiving signals (electromagnetic radio waves) so that it can link up with GPS satellites in real time. The unique location (or longitude coordinates) of a GPS user is determined by measuring its distance from at least three GPS satellites. Based on these distance measurements, the location calculations are done by the microprocessor (computing device) fitted in the GPS device. For measuring distance of three GPS satellites from the GPS device user, the time taken by a radio signal to travel from device to satellites and back are recorded by the GPS device.
For, example, if a radio signal takes 0.140 seconds to travel back from a satellite-1 to its GPS user.
Following the above method, let D1, D2 and D3 be the distances of three satellites from a GPS device user. From this information, the identification of unique location of the GPS device user is done as follows:
(1) If user is at a distance “D1” from satellite-1. Then user’s location can be anywhere on a circumference of circle of radius “D1” from satellite-1 as shown in fig below.
(2) If user is at a distance “D2” from satellite-2. Then user’s location can be either at intersecting points X or Y of circumferences of circles of radius D1 and D2 from satellite-1 and 2 respectively as shown in figure below.
(3) If user is at a distance “D3” from satellite-3. Then user’s location will be at the intersecting point of circumferences of circles of radius D1, D2 and D3 from satellite-1, 2 and 3 respectively as shown in fig(c). i.e. here user is at point Y.
This way, minimum three satellites together provide the exact location (longitude coordinates) of the GPS device user on his display board.
If a person is at some height on earth surface, then using distance information from minimum 4-GPS satellites even altitude of the user can also be measured.
It may be noted that since all 24-GPS satellites orbit in predefined orbits, therefore their locations are precisely predetermined. It is these known locations of 3 or 4 -GPS satellites (3 or 4 sets of longitude coordinates) and their distances to GPS device that assist a GPS user (i.e. its computing device) in locating its own longitude coordinates.
Applications of GPS Global positioning system has many day-to-day applications:
It helps in navigation on water, air and land.
It assists in map designing of a location.
It helps automatic vehicle movements (without man)
One can measure speed of moving object using this technology.
One can locate change in position of glaciers, mountains heights.
It assists in keeping standard time world over.
It assists in tracking animals and birds and studying their movements by attaching GPS devices to their bodies.
It assists in airplane traffic movement.
It assists visually impaired in location identification.
Now-a-days, various devices like mobile phones, i-pad etc. come equipped with pre-loaded geographical maps and GPS software which identifies the location of these devices using GPS system. GPS is a free service available to anyone in the world with a GPS device.
Source:- CBSE ONLINE STUDY MATERIAL
Source:- CBSE ONLINE STUDY MATERIAL
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