Astronauts drink in space by using special equipment, such as internally pressurized bottles, collapsible pouches, drinking tubes and coffee cups designed to function in zero gravity.
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Overcoming the dilemma of how to drink in space involves compensating for an environment in which there is no gravity. Liquids cannot be poured or sipped, or they float away. Drinks are sent into space as dehydrated powder, and astronauts add water through a special tube to liquefy them. The zero-gravity coffee cup uses a special principle involving a container with a sharp angle that allows the coffee to flow to the astronaut's mouth. In experiments with carbonated beverages, such as soft drinks and beer, astronauts found that the carbon dioxide bubbles, instead of floating to the top, remain evenly distributed throughout the drink. This creates a beverage that is overall much more foamy. To allow astronauts to drink carbonated drinks, researchers devised a special bottle with a collapsible bag inside. The bottle maintains a steady pressure around the drink. Soft drinks were dispensed and beer was brewed aboard the space station as experiments, but these beverages are not yet standard fare.
To provide the water for drinks in space, most of the liquids used on the space station are recycled, including breath exhalation, sweat, urine and water from tooth brushing and hand washing. Water is expensive to bring from Earth, so it is important to make every drop count, though some is inevitably lost from airlocks, CO2 removal systems and water recycling systems.
Transporting anything to the space station is extremely expensive—launching a SpaceX rocket costs more than $1800 per pound. And you know what’s really heavy? Water.
Tanks of H20 can't be constantly shipped up to the International Space Station, so the station has a complex water system that squeezes every last drop of available, drinkable liquid out of the environment. That leaves astronauts drinking a filtered mixture that includes recycled shower water, old astronaut sweat, and pee. The station also keeps about 530 gallons of water in reserve in case of an emergency.
The NASA water systems on the ISS collect moisture from breath and sweat, urine from people and research animals, and runoff from sinks and showers to keep the station hydrated. “It tastes like bottled water, as long as you can psychologically get past the point that it’s recycled urine and condensate that comes out of the air,” Layne Carter, who manages the ISS water system from the Marshall Flight Center in Alabama, told Bloomberg Businessweek.
However, not all the ISS astronauts drink recycled urine. The ISS is split into two sections, one run by Russia, and one by the United States, and they have two different water systems. The U.S. system collects condensate, runoff, and urine to create about 3.6 gallons of drinkable water per day. However, the Russian astronauts drink water processed from only shower runoff and condensate, skipping the urine (producing slightly less than that 3.6 gallons). Occasionally, the NASA astronauts will go over to the Russian side of the ISS and grab the Russian supplies of urine to process it themselves. No need to waste potential water supplies!
In addition, the two sides of the ISS disinfect their water two different ways. Since 1981, NASA has been using iodine to disinfect water, a process that requires the water to be filtered since too much iodine can cause thyroid issues. Russia has been using silver to disinfect its water since the launch of the Mir station by the Soviet Union in 1986.
